CMR normal values: LV, RV, atria, aorta, T1, ECV, T2 and T2* reference ranges

Left ventricle

Men and women, ages 16 to 83, papillary muscles in the LV volume

Pooled weighted mean, SD and limits (mean ± 2 SD) · Kawel-Boehm 2020, Table 5

Parameter	Men				Women
Parameter	n	Mean	SD	LL–UL	n	Mean	SD	LL–UL
LVEDV (mL)	832	145	31	83–207	1064	112	21	70–155
LVEDV/BSA (mL/m²)	832	77	15	47–107	1064	69	12	45–93
LVESV (mL)	832	53	18	19–88	1064	39	12	15–64
LVESV/BSA (mL/m²)	832	29	9	11–47	1064	24	7	10–38
LVSV (mL)	832	91	18	55–127	1064	73	13	47–99
LVSV/BSA (mL/m²)	772	48	9	30–66	1004	45	7	30–59
LVEF (%)	832	63	6	51–76	1064	66	7	52–79
LVM (g)	832	105	24	57–152	1064	73	15	43–103
LVM/BSA (g/m²)	832	56	10	36–75	1064	45	7	30–59
LVCO (l/min)	464	6.1	1.1	3.9–8.3	632	4.9	1.0	3.0–6.9
LVCI (l/min/m²)	404	3.2	0.6	2.1–4.3	572	2.9	0.5	1.9–4.0
LVM/LVEDV (g/mL)	708	0.7	0.2	0.3–1.2	944	0.7	0.1	0.4–1.0

Men and women, ages 18 to 83, papillary muscles in the LV mass

Pooled weighted mean, SD and limits (mean ± 2 SD) · Kawel-Boehm 2020, Table 2

Parameter	Men				Women
Parameter	n	Mean	SD	LL–UL	n	Mean	SD	LL–UL
LVEDV (mL)	464	155	30	95–215	485	123	22	78–167
LVEDV/BSA (mL/m²)	875	79	15	50–108	931	73	12	50–96
LVESV (mL)	464	55	15	25–85	485	43	11	21–64
LVESV/BSA (mL/m²)	875	29	9	11–47	931	25	7	10–40
LVSV (mL)	410	103	21	61–145	432	83	16	52–114
LVSV/BSA (mL/m²)	701	52	10	33–72	758	49	8	33–64
LVEF (%)	875	64	8	49–79	931	66	7	52–79
LVM (g)	464	121	28	66–176	485	83	21	41–125
LVM/BSA (g/m²)	805	62	11	39–85	861	49	10	30–68
LVCO (l/min)	91	5.6	1.1	3.4–7.8	89	4.5	0.9	2.7–6.3
LVCI (l/min/m²)	91	3.0	0.6	1.8–4.2	89	2.9	0.5	1.9–3.9
LVM/LVEDV (g/mL)	287	0.7	0.1	0.4–0.9	327	0.6	0.1	0.3–0.8

Men by age group, papillary muscles in the LV mass

Kawel-Boehm 2020, Table 3

Parameter	20–29 years		30–39 years		40–49 years		50–59 years		60–69 years
Parameter	n	Mean ± SD (LL–UL)	n	Mean ± SD (LL–UL)	n	Mean ± SD (LL–UL)	n	Mean ± SD (LL–UL)	n	Mean ± SD (LL–UL)
LVEDV/BSA (mL/m²)	51	86 ± 13 (61–112)	105	81 ± 11 (59–103)	110	83 ± 14 (55–110)	78	77 ± 14 (49–105)	34	78 ± 11 (57–99)
LVESV/BSA (mL/m²)	51	34 ± 10 (14–53)	105	30 ± 8 (15–46)	110	32 ± 9 (13–50)	78	29 ± 8 (12–45)	34	30 ± 8 (13–46)
LVSV/BSA (mL/m²)	41	54 ± 7 (40–68)	93	51 ± 8 (34–67)	101	52 ± 8 (36–68)	63	49 ± 10 (30–69)	34	48 ± 8 (34–63)
LVEF (%)	51	60 ± 7 (46–74)	105	63 ± 7 (49–77)	110	62 ± 7 (48–76)	78	63 ± 7 (49–78)	34	62 ± 7 (48–76)
LVM/BSA (g/m²)	51	66 ± 11 (44–87)	105	64 ± 11 (41–86)	110	64 ± 10 (43–84)	78	62 ± 10 (42–83)	34	62 ± 12 (38–87)

Women by age group, papillary muscles in the LV mass

Kawel-Boehm 2020, Table 4

Parameter	20–29 years		30–39 years		40–49 years		50–59 years		60–69 years
Parameter	n	Mean ± SD (LL–UL)	n	Mean ± SD (LL–UL)	n	Mean ± SD (LL–UL)	n	Mean ± SD (LL–UL)	n	Mean ± SD (LL–UL)
LVEDV/BSA (mL/m²)	43	77 ± 12 (54–100)	110	77 ± 13 (52–102)	127	73 ± 12 (50–96)	93	68 ± 10 (48–89)	41	68 ± 8 (51–84)
LVESV/BSA (mL/m²)	43	29 ± 7 (16–43)	110	29 ± 10 (9–49)	127	27 ± 7 (12–42)	93	24 ± 7 (10–38)	41	25 ± 5 (14–35)
LVSV/BSA (mL/m²)	33	50 ± 6 (38–63)	92	49 ± 7 (34–64)	116	48 ± 8 (32–64)	84	47 ± 6 (34–59)	41	44 ± 7 (31–58)
LVEF (%)	43	62 ± 6 (50–73)	110	64 ± 6 (52–77)	127	63 ± 7 (50–76)	93	65 ± 6 (52–78)	41	65 ± 6 (53–77)
LVM/BSA (g/m²)	43	51 ± 11 (29–72)	110	50 ± 9 (32–68)	127	49 ± 9 (32–66)	93	51 ± 10 (31–70)	41	52 ± 11 (31–74)

Right ventricle

Men and women, ages 20 to 83, papillary muscles in the RV volume

Pooled weighted mean, SD and limits (mean ± 2 SD) · Kawel-Boehm 2020, Table 10

Parameter	Men				Women
Parameter	n	Meanp	SDp	LL–ULg	n	Meanp	SDp	LL–ULg
RVEDV (mL)	896	166	39	87–244	977	122	27	68–176
RVEDV/BSA (mL/m²)	1069	88	17	53–123	1112	76	14	48–104
RVESV (mL)	896	73	22	29–117	977	50	15	20–80
RVESV/BSA (mL/m²)	1069	38	11	17–59	1112	30	9	13–48
RVSV (mL)	842	95	26	43–146	924	74	18	39–109
RVSV/BSA (mL/m²)	955	52	12	28–75	999	48	9	29–66
RVEF (%)	1069	57	8	42–72	1112	60	7	46–74
RVM (g)	117	36	9	17–54	98	30	9	13–48
RVM/BSA (g/m²)	117	19	4	10–28	98	17	5	7–28
RVCO (l/min)	155	5.6	1.4	2.8–8.3	149	4.4	1.0	2.4–6.4
RVCI (l/min/m²)	155	3.0	0.7	1.5–4.5	149	2.8	0.6	1.6–4.0

Men and women, ages 20 to 79, papillary muscles in the RV mass (Maceira 2006)

Mean, SD and limits (mean ± 2 SD) · Kawel-Boehm 2020, Table 9

Parameter	Men (n = 60)			Women (n = 60)
Parameter	Mean	SD	LL–UL	Mean	SD	LL–UL
RVEDV (mL)	163	27	109–217	127	24	79–175
RVEDV/BSA (mL/m²)	83	13	58–109	74	12	51–97
RVESV (mL)	57	17	23–91	44	15	13–75
RVESV/BSA (mL/m²)	29	9	12–46	26	8	9–42
RVSV (mL)	106	18	71–141	83	13	56–110
RVSV/BSA (mL/m²)	54	8	38–71	48	7	35–61
RVEF (%)	66	7	51–80	66	7	52–80
RVM (g)	66	15	37–95	48	11	26–71
RVM/BSA (g/m²)	34	7	20–48	28	6	16–40

Men by age group, papillary muscles in the RV volume

Kawel-Boehm 2020, Table 11

Parameter	20–29 years		30–39 years		40–49 years		50–59 years
Parameter	n	Mean ± SD (LL–UL)	n	Mean ± SD (LL–UL)	n	Mean ± SD (LL–UL)	n	Mean ± SD (LL–UL)*
RVEDV/BSA (mL/m²)	50	94 ± 15 (63–124)	55	83 ± 13 (57–109)	49	81 ± 16 (50–112)	55	80 ± 16 (48–111)
RVESV/BSA (mL/m²)	50	44 ± 11 (23–66)	55	38 ± 8 (22–53)	49	34 ± 8 (18–49)	55	35 ± 10 (16–54)
RVSV/BSA (mL/m²)	40	51 ± 13 (26–77)	43	46 ± 10 (27–65)	40	44 ± 11 (23–65)	40	51 ± 13 (24–78)
RVEF (%)	50	52 ± 8 (36–69)	55	55 ± 7 (41–68)	49	57 ± 8 (40–73)	55	57 ± 8 (41–74)

Women by age group, papillary muscles in the RV volume

Kawel-Boehm 2020, Table 12

Parameter	20–29 years		30–39 years		40–49 years		50–59 years
Parameter	n	Mean ± SD (LL–UL)	n	Mean ± SD (LL–UL)	n	Mean ± SD (LL–UL)	n	Mean ± SD (LL–UL)*
RVEDV/BSA (mL/m²)	47	78 ± 12 (55–101)	51	76 ± 12 (51–100)	46	74 ± 14 (46–102)	46	69 ± 13 (42–95)
RVESV/BSA (mL/m²)	47	33 ± 12 (10–56)	51	31 ± 8 (15–48)	46	29 ± 8 (13–45)	46	28 ± 8 (11–44)
RVSV/BSA (mL/m²)	37	46 ± 9 (28–63)	33	45 ± 12 (22–69)	35	47 ± 11 (24–69)	37	42 ± 10 (22–62)
RVEF (%)	47	56 ± 11 (34–78)	51	58 ± 9 (39–77)	46	60 ± 8 (44–76)	46	61 ± 8 (44–78)

Atria

Left atrial volumes and function

bSSFP; maximal volume at ventricular end-systole · Kawel-Boehm 2020, Table 14

Method	Parameter	Men				Women
Method	Parameter	n	Mean	SD	LL–UL	n	Mean	SD	LL–UL
Biplane area-length method; LA appendage excluded	Max. LA volume (mL)	734	72	20	31–112	841	64	18	28–100
	Max. LA volume/BSA (mL/m²)	734	38	11	17–59	841	39	11	17–61
	Min. LA volume (mL)	171	25	10	6–44	146	22	8	7–38
	Min. LA volume/BSA (mL/m²)	171	14	5	3–24	146	13	5	4–23
	LA stroke volume (mL)	468	44	12	21–67	509	42	10	21–62
	LA stroke volume/BSA (mL/m²)	363	22	6	10–34	432	22	6	10–34
	LA ejection fraction (%)	534	62	8	46–77	578	63	8	48–78
Simpson’s method; LA appendage excluded	Max. LA volume (mL)	66	70	15	40–99	69	66	13	39–93
	Max. LA volume/BSA (mL/m²)	66	41	8	24–57	69	44	8	28–60
	Min. LA volume (mL)	66	32	9	15–50	69	28	7	15–42
	Min. LA volume/BSA (mL/m²)	66	19	5	9–28	69	19	4	11–27
	LA ejection fraction (%)	66	54	8	38–70	69	57	6	45–69
Simpson’s method; LA appendage included	Max. LA volume (mL)	256	78	18	42–115	298	66	14	37–94
	Max. LA volume/BSA (mL/m²)	256	40	8	25–56	298	39	7	25–53
	Min. LA volume (mL)	196	32	9	14–50	238	24	7	10–38
	Min. LA volume/BSA (mL/m²)	196	17	4	9–25	238	15	4	7–23
	LA stroke volume (mL)	196	47	13	21–73	238	39	10	19–59
	LA stroke volume/BSA (mL/m²)	196	24	6	12–36	238	24	5	14–34
	LA ejection fraction (%)	196	59	8	43–75	238	61	7	47–75

Left atrial diameters and areas

bSSFP · Kawel-Boehm 2020, Table 15

Parameter	Men				Women
Parameter	n	Mean	SD	LL–UL	n	Mean	SD	LL–UL
Max. LA area 2Ch (cm²)	60	21	5	12–30	60	19	5	10–28
Max. LA area 2Ch/BSA (cm²/m²)	60	11	2	6–16	60	11	2	6–16
Max. LA area 3Ch (cm²)	60	19	4	12–26	60	17	4	10–24
Max. LA area 3Ch/BSA (cm²/m²)	60	10	2	6–14	60	10	2	6–14
Max. LA area 4Ch (cm²)	233	23	5	13–32	173	21	4	13–29
Max. LA area 4Ch/BSA (cm²/m²)	233	12	2	7–16	195	12	2	8–15
Max. LA longitudinal diameter 2Ch (cm)	185	4.9	0.7	3.5–6.2	181	4.6	0.7	3.3–5.9
Max. LA longitudinal diameter 2Ch/BSA (cm/m²)	185	2.6	0.5	1.6–3.6	181	2.8	0.6	1.6–3.9
Max. LA transverse diameter 2Ch (cm)	126	4.4	0.6	3.2–5.6	129	4.3	0.5	3.3–5.2
Max. LA transverse diameter 2Ch/BSA (cm/m²)	126	2.4	0.3	1.7–3.0	129	2.7	0.3	2.2–3.2
Max. LA longitudinal diameter 3Ch (cm)	66	5.5	0.6	4.2–6.8	69	5.4	0.7	4.0–6.7
Max. LA longitudinal diameter 3Ch/BSA (cm/m²)	66	3.2	0.4	2.4–4.0	69	3.6	0.5	2.7–4.6
Max. LA antero-posterior diameter 3Ch (cm)	185	3.0	0.5	2.0–4.0	181	3.0	0.5	2.0–4.0
Max. LA antero-posterior diameter 3Ch/BSA (cm/m²)	185	1.6	0.3	1.0–2.2	181	1.8	0.4	1.1–2.5
Max. LA longitudinal diameter 4Ch (cm)	126	5.8	0.6	4.6–7.1	129	5.5	0.6	4.2–6.8
Max. LA longitudinal diameter 4Ch/BSA (cm/m²)	126	3.2	0.4	2.3–4.1	129	3.5	0.5	2.5–4.4
Max. LA transverse diameter 4Ch (cm)	185	4.3	0.5	3.3–5.3	181	4.1	0.5	3.1–5.1
Max. LA transverse diameter 4Ch/BSA (cm/m²)	185	2.2	0.3	1.6–2.9	181	2.5	0.4	1.8–3.2

Right atrial volumes and function

Kawel-Boehm 2020, Table 17

Method	Parameter	Men				Women
Method	Parameter	N	Mean	SD	LL–UL	n	Mean	SD	LL–UL
Biplane area-length method; RA appendage excluded	Max. RA volume (mL)	66	65	20	24–105	69	53	14	24–81
	Max. RA volume/BSA (mL/m²)	66	38	12	15–61	69	35	10	16–54
	Min. RA volume (mL)	66	32	12	9–55	69	23	7	9–37
	Min. RA volume/BSA (mL/m²)	66	19	7	5–32	69	15	5	6–24
	RA ejection fraction (%)	66	50	9	32–68	69	56	9	38–74
Simpson’s method; RA appendage excluded	Max. RA volume (mL)	66	89	22	46–132	69	77	16	45–108
	Max. RA volume/BSA (mL/m²)	66	52	12	28–76	69	51	10	31–71
	Min. RA volume (mL)	66	46	16	14–79	69	35	9	17–53
	Min. RA volume/BSA (mL/m²)	66	27	9	9–45	69	23	6	12–35
	RA ejection fraction (%)	66	49	10	29–69	69	54	9	36–72
Simpson’s method; RA appendage included	Max. RA volume (mL)	256	108	25	59–158	298	85	18	49–122
	Max. RA volume/BSA (mL/m²)	256	56	12	32–79	298	50	10	31–69
	Min. RA volume (mL)	196	50	17	16–84	238	33	11	11–55
	Min. RA volume/BSA (mL/m²)	196	26	8	10–42	238	20	6	8–32
	RA stroke volume (mL)	196	58	16	26–90	238	47	12	23–71
	RA stroke volume/BSA (mL/m²)	196	30	8	14–46	238	28	7	14–42
	RA ejection fraction (%)	196	54	10	34–74	238	59	9	41–77

Right atrial diameters and areas

bSSFP · Kawel-Boehm 2020, Table 18

Parameter	Men				Women
Parameter	n	Mean	SD	LL–UL	n	Mean	SD	LL–UL
Max. RA area 2Ch (cm²)	60	23	4	15–31	60	21	4	13–29
Max. RA area 2Ch/BSA (cm²/m²)	60	12	2	7–17	60	12	2	7–17
Max. RA area 4Ch (cm²)	324	21	4	13–30	284	19	3	12–26
Max. RA area 4Ch/BSA (cm²/m²)	324	11	2	7–15	284	12	2	8–15
Max. RA longitudinal diameter 2Ch (cm)	126	5.5	0.6	4.2–6.7	129	5.1	0.6	3.9–6.3
Max. RA longitudinal diameter 2Ch/BSA (cm/m²)	126	3.0	0.4	2.3–3.7	129	3.2	0.4	2.3–4.1
Max. RA transverse diameter 2Ch (cm)	126	4.2	0.9	2.4–6.0	129	4.1	0.9	2.4–5.9
Max. RA transverse diameter 2Ch/BSA (cm/m²)	126	2.3	0.5	1.3–3.3	129	2.6	0.6	1.5–3.7
Max. RA longitudinal diameter 4Ch (cm)	126	5.3	0.6	4.0–6.6	129	5.1	0.6	4.0–6.3
Max. RA longitudinal diameter 4Ch/BSA (cm/m²)	126	2.9	0.4	2.2–3.7	129	3.2	0.4	2.4–4.0
Max. RA transverse diameter 4Ch (cm)	126	4.8	0.6	3.7–5.9	129	4.3	0.6	3.2–5.4
Max. RA transverse diameter 4Ch/BSA (cm/m²)	126	2.6	0.3	2.1–3.2	129	2.7	0.3	2.0–3.4

Aorta and pulmonary arteries

Aortic root, sagittal LVOT bSSFP

Pooled weighted mean, SD and limits · Kawel-Boehm 2020, Table 42

Parameter	Men				Women
Parameter	n	Mean	SD	LL–UL	n	Mean	SD	LL–UL
Aortic annulus diameter (mm)	299	23	5	14–33	328	20	3	14–27
Aortic annulus diameter/BSA (mm/m²)	91	12	1	10–14	89	12	1	10–14
Aortic sinus diameter (mm)	359	32	6	19–45	388	28	5	17–38
Aortic sinus diameter/BSA (mL/m²)	151	17	2	13–21	149	17	2	13–21
Sinotubular junction diameter (mm)	299	25	6	12–38	328	21	5	12–31
Sinotubular junction diameter/BSA (mm/m²)	91	13	2	10–17	89	14	2	10–17

Aortic sinus, cross-sectional bSSFP, systole and diastole

Mean ± SD (limits = mean ± 2 SD) · Kawel-Boehm 2020, Table 38

Parameter	Men (n = 60) [mean ± SD (LL–UL) ]		Women (n = 60) [mean ± SD (LL–UL)]
Parameter	Systolic	Diastolic	Systolic	Diastolic
Aortic sinus diameter (cusp-commissure) (mm)	34 ± 3 (27–40)	32 ± 4 (25–39)	30 ± 3 (25–35)	28 ± 3 (23–34)
Aortic sinus diameter (cusp-commissure)/BSA (mm/m²)	17 ± 2 (14–20)	16 ± 2 (13–20)	18 ± 2 (14–21)	17 ± 2 (13–20)
Aortic sinus diameter (cusp-cusp) (mm)	36 ± 4 (28–44)	35 ± 4 (27–43)	32 ± 3 (26–38)	31 ± 3 (24–37)
Aortic sinus diameter (cusp-cusp)/BSA (mm/m²)	18 ± 2 (14–22)	18 ± 2 (14–22)	19 ± 2 (15–23)	18 ± 2 (14–22)
Aortic sinus area (cm²)	9.2 ± 2.1 (5.0–13.4)	8.4 ± 2.0 (4.4–12.4)	7.1 ± 1.4 (4.3–9.9)	6.5 ± 1.3 (3.9–9.1)
Aortic sinus area/BSA (cm²/m²)	4.6 ± 1.0 (2.6–6.6)	4.2 ± 0.9 (2.4–6.0)	4.2 ± 0.8 (2.6–5.8)	3.8 ± 0.8 (2.2–5.4)

Thoracic aorta, luminal diameter at diastole, bSSFP

Mean ± SD (limits = mean ± 2 SD) · Kawel-Boehm 2020, Table 39

Level	Men (n = 208)Mean ± SD (LL–UL)	Women (n = 239)Mean ± SD (LL–UL)
Ascending aorta diameter (mm)	27 ± 4 (19–34)	26 ± 4 (18–33)
Proximal descending aorta diameter (mm)	21 ± 3 (15–26)	19 ± 2 (15–23)
Distal descending aorta diameter (mm)	18 ± 3 (13–23)	16 ± 2 (12–20)

Ascending aorta by age, phase contrast (MESA)

Median (5th to 95th percentile) · Kawel-Boehm 2020, Table 40

Age (years)	Men (n = 770)Median (5th–95th percentile)	Women (n = 842)Median (5th–95th percentile)
Absolute values (mm)
45–54	32 (27–37)	29 (25–34)
55–64	33 (28–41)	30 (26–36)
65–74	34 (29–41)	31 (26–36)
75–84	35 (29–41)	31 (27–37)
Values indexed to BSA (mm/m²)
45–54	16 (13–20)	17 (14–21)
55–64	17 (14–21)	18 (15–22)
65–74	18 (14–22)	18 (15–22)
75–84	19 (15–23)	20 (15–28)

Pulmonary arteries

Mean, SD and limits (mean ± 2 SD) · Kawel-Boehm 2020, Table 56

Vessel	Parameter	Men (n = 60)			Women (n = 60)
Vessel	Parameter	Mean	SD	LL–UL	Mean	SD	LL–UL
MPA	Systolic diameter (mm)	27.4	2.6	21–33	25.3	2.6	19–31
	Diastolic diameter (mm)	22.9	2.4	19–27	21.2	2.1	17–25
	Systolic area (cm²)	5.9	1.1	3.7–8.1	5.0	1.0	3.0–7.0
	Diastolic area (cm²)	4.2	0.8	2.6–5.8	3.6	0.7	2.2–5.0
	Distension (%)	42.7	17.2	9–77	41.8	15.7	10–74
RPA	Systolic diameter (mm)	20.2	2.9	14–26	17.8	2.4	14–22
	Diastolic diameter (mm)	16.6	2.8	11–23	14.7	2.2	11–19
	Systolic area (cm²)	3.3	1.0	1.3–5.3	2.6	0.7	1.2–4.0
	Diastolic area (cm²)	2.2	0.8	0.6–3.8	1.8	0.6	0.6–3.0
	Distension (%)	50.6	16.9	17–85	48.2	14.5	18–78
LPA	Systolic diameter (mm)	20.1	2.4	16–24	18.4	2.1	14–22
	Diastolic diameter (mm)	17.3	2.5	11–23	15.9	2.0	12–20
	Systolic area (cm²)	3.3	0.8	1.7–4.9	2.8	0.6	1.6–4.0
	Diastolic area (cm²)	2.4	0.7	1.0–3.8	2.1	0.5	1.1–3.1
	Distension (%)	35.6	10.1	16–56	35.2	10.3	15–55

T1, ECV, T2 and T2*

Native myocardial T1 and ECV by field strength, vendor and sequence

Pooled weighted mean, SD and limits · Kawel-Boehm 2020, Table 61

Parameter	FS (T)	Vendor	Technique	n	Mean	SD	LL–UL
Native T1 time (ms)	1.5	Siemens	MOLLI	417	972	43	885–1059
	1.5	Siemens	ShMOLLI	971	960	29	903–1017
	1.5	Philips	MOLLI	215	989	42	905–1073
	3	Siemens	MOLLI	301	1196	47	1103–1290
	3	Siemens	ShMOLLI	197	1130	55	1021–1240
	3	Philips	MOLLI	201	1097	66	964–1230
ECV (%)	1.5	Siemens	MOLLI	199	26	3	20–32
	1.5	Siemens	ShMOLLI	295	27	3	21–33
	1.5	Philips	MOLLI	56	23	3	17–29
	3	Siemens	MOLLI	129	26	3	20–32
	3	Siemens	ShMOLLI	57	25	2	20–29
	3	Philips	MOLLI	100	26	5	16–36

Myocardial T2

Mean, SD and limits (mean ± 2 SD) · Kawel-Boehm 2020, Table 62

First author, year	FS (T)	Vendor	Technique	n, male:female	Age range or mean ± SD (years)	Mean	SD	LL–UL
Wassmuth, 2013 [155]	1.5	Siemens	T2P bSSFP	60:13	20–70	55	5	45–65
Wassmuth, 2013 [155]	1.5	Siemens	FLASH	60:13	20–70	52	5	42–62
Hinojar, 2016 [134]	3	Philips	GSE	9:37	42 ± 15	45	4	37–53
Ridouani, 2018 [141]	1.5	Siemens	T2P bSSFP	20:20	40 ± 12	51	3	45–57
Granitz, 2019 [145]	1.5	Philips	GSE	26:32	40 ± 14 (male), 42 ± 13 (female)	56	3	50–62
Granitz, 2019 [145]	3	Philips	GSE	26:32	40 ± 14 (male), 42 ± 13 (female)	52	3	46–58

T2* grading of myocardial iron at 1.5T

Kawel-Boehm 2020, Table 63

Iron overload	T2* (ms)
Normal	> 20
Iron overload	10–20
Severe iron overload	< 10

Maceira 2006, by sex and age decile

1.5T SSFP, 120 healthy adults, papillary muscles in the LV mass. Mean (95% range) per decile, 20 to 79 years. LV: J Cardiovasc Magn Reson 2006;8:417. RV: Eur Heart J 2006;27:2879.

Petersen 2017 (UK Biobank), by sex and age band

1.5T SSFP, 800 healthy Caucasian adults, papillary muscles in the LV volume. Mean (95% prediction interval) per band, 45 to 74 years. J Cardiovasc Magn Reson 2017;19:18, Tables 6 and 7.

Kawel-Boehm N, Hetzel SJ, Ambale-Venkatesh B, et al. Reference ranges ("normal values") for cardiovascular magnetic resonance (CMR) in adults and children: 2020 update. J Cardiovasc Magn Reson 2020;22(1):87. doi:10.1186/s12968-020-00683-3
Maceira AM, Prasad SK, Khan M, Pennell DJ. Normalized left ventricular systolic and diastolic function by steady state free precession cardiovascular magnetic resonance. J Cardiovasc Magn Reson 2006;8(3):417-426. doi:10.1080/10976640600572889
Maceira AM, Prasad SK, Khan M, Pennell DJ. Reference right ventricular systolic and diastolic function normalized to age, gender and body surface area from steady-state free precession cardiovascular magnetic resonance. Eur Heart J 2006;27(23):2879-2888. doi:10.1093/eurheartj/ehl336
Petersen SE, Aung N, Sanghvi MM, et al. Reference ranges for cardiac structure and function using cardiovascular magnetic resonance (CMR) in Caucasians from the UK Biobank population cohort. J Cardiovasc Magn Reson 2017;19(1):18. doi:10.1186/s12968-017-0327-9

Normal values