Normal published range, mean ± 2 SD · Mild >2 to 3 SD · Moderate >3 to 4 SD · Severe >4 SD · in the direction of abnormality, ↓ where low is abnormal
LVLV diametersWall thicknessRVLARAAortaPAStrainT1ECVT2T2*
Left ventricle, papillary muscles in the LV volume
Adults 20–83, pooled, 1.5T and 3T bSSFP. Papillary muscles and trabeculations in the blood pool. Table 3.
| Parameter | Mean ± SD | Normal | Mild | Moderate | Severe | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| LVEDV (mL) | M | 143 ± 31 | 81–204 | 204–236 | 236–267 | >267 |
| F | 113 ± 23 | 68–158 | 158–182 | 182–205 | >205 | |
| LVEDV/BSA (mL/m²) | M | 75 ± 14 | 49–102 | 102–117 | 117–131 | >131 |
| F | 68 ± 11 | 46–90 | 90–101 | 101–112 | >112 | |
| LVESV (mL) | M | 52 ± 18 | 17–88 | 88–106 | 106–124 | >124 |
| F | 39 ± 13 | 14–63 | 63–78 | 78–91 | >91 | |
| LVESV/BSA (mL/m²) | M | 28 ± 8 | 11–44 | 44–52 | 52–60 | >60 |
| F | 23 ± 6 | 11–36 | 36–41 | 41–47 | >47 | |
| LVSV (mL) | M | 91 ± 19 | 53–128 | 128–148 | 148–167 | >167 |
| F | 74 ± 15 | 45–103 | 103–119 | 119–134 | >134 | |
| LVSV/BSA (mL/m²) | M | 47 ± 9 | 30–64 | 64–74 | 74–83 | >83 |
| F | 44 ± 8 | 29–60 | 60–68 | 68–76 | >76 | |
| LVEF (%) ↓ | M | 64 ± 7 | 51–77 | 43–51 | 36–43 | <36 |
| F | 66 ± 6 | 54–79 | 48–54 | 42–48 | <42 | |
| LVM (g) | M | 105 ± 23 | 60–150 | 150–174 | 174–197 | >197 |
| F | 74 ± 14 | 47–101 | 101–116 | 116–130 | >130 | |
| LVM/BSA (g/m²) | M | 55 ± 8 | 39–72 | 72–79 | 79–87 | >87 |
| F | 45 ± 6 | 33–56 | 56–63 | 63–69 | >69 |
Left ventricle, papillary muscles in the LV mass
Adults 18–83, pooled, 1.5T and 3T bSSFP. Papillary muscles and trabeculations in the myocardium. Table 2.
| Parameter | Mean ± SD | Normal | Mild | Moderate | Severe | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| LVEDV (mL) | M | 147 ± 33 | 83–211 | 211–246 | 246–279 | >279 |
| F | 118 ± 24 | 72–164 | 164–190 | 190–214 | >214 | |
| LVEDV/BSA (mL/m²) | M | 75 ± 15 | 46–104 | 104–120 | 120–135 | >135 |
| F | 69 ± 11 | 46–91 | 91–102 | 102–113 | >113 | |
| LVESV (mL) | M | 51 ± 16 | 20–82 | 82–99 | 99–115 | >115 |
| F | 39 ± 11 | 17–60 | 60–72 | 72–83 | >83 | |
| LVESV/BSA (mL/m²) | M | 26 ± 8 | 11–41 | 41–50 | 50–58 | >58 |
| F | 23 ± 6 | 11–34 | 34–41 | 41–47 | >47 | |
| LVSV (mL) | M | 98 ± 23 | 53–142 | 142–167 | 167–190 | >190 |
| F | 79 ± 16 | 47–111 | 111–127 | 127–143 | >143 | |
| LVSV/BSA (mL/m²) | M | 50 ± 10 | 30–69 | 69–80 | 80–90 | >90 |
| F | 47 ± 8 | 31–63 | 63–71 | 71–79 | >79 | |
| LVEF (%) ↓ | M | 66 ± 7 | 53–79 | 45–53 | 38–45 | <38 |
| F | 67 ± 6 | 55–80 | 49–55 | 43–49 | <43 | |
| LVM (g) | M | 124 ± 23 | 78–169 | 169–193 | 193–216 | >216 |
| F | 87 ± 18 | 52–123 | 123–141 | 141–159 | >159 | |
| LVM/BSA (g/m²) | M | 64 ± 10 | 44–84 | 84–94 | 94–104 | >104 |
| F | 52 ± 9 | 35–69 | 69–79 | 79–88 | >88 |
Left ventricular diameters
End-diastolic, four-chamber (mitral annulus to apex transverse at the basal level) and short-axis (basal papillary level). Table 6.
| Parameter | Mean ± SD | Normal | Mild | Moderate | Severe | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| LV end-diastolic 4ch (mm) | M | 49 ± 5 | 39–59 | 59–64 | 64–69 | >69 |
| F | 46 ± 5 | 36–56 | 56–61 | 61–66 | >66 | |
| LV end-diastolic SAX (mm) | M | 52 ± 5 | 44–61 | 61–67 | 67–72 | >72 |
| F | 48 ± 4 | 40–56 | 56–60 | 60–64 | >64 |
Left ventricular wall thickness
End-diastolic, short-axis bSSFP, AHA segments 1–16. Table 45.
| Parameter | Mean ± SD | Normal | Mild | Moderate | Severe | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Basal anterior (mm) | M | 8.1 ± 1.5 | 5–11 | 11–12.6 | 12.6–14.1 | >14.1 |
| F | 6.6 ± 1.3 | 4–9 | 9–10.5 | 10.5–11.8 | >11.8 | |
| Basal anteroseptal (mm) | M | 9.0 ± 1.6 | 6–12 | 12–13.8 | 13.8–15.4 | >15.4 |
| F | 7.4 ± 1.4 | 5–10 | 10–11.6 | 11.6–13.0 | >13.0 | |
| Basal inferoseptal (mm) | M | 8.9 ± 1.3 | 6–11 | 11–12.8 | 12.8–14.1 | >14.1 |
| F | 7.3 ± 1.1 | 5–9 | 9–10.6 | 10.6–11.7 | >11.7 | |
| Basal inferior (mm) | M | 8.1 ± 1.3 | 6–11 | 11–12.0 | 12.0–13.3 | >13.3 |
| F | 6.6 ± 1.1 | 4–9 | 9–9.9 | 9.9–11.0 | >11.0 | |
| Basal inferolateral (mm) | M | 7.8 ± 1.4 | 5–11 | 11–12.0 | 12.0–13.4 | >13.4 |
| F | 6.3 ± 1.2 | 4–9 | 9–9.9 | 9.9–11.1 | >11.1 | |
| Basal anterolateral (mm) | M | 7.8 ± 1.4 | 5–11 | 11–12.0 | 12.0–13.4 | >13.4 |
| F | 6.4 ± 1.1 | 4–9 | 9–9.7 | 9.7–10.8 | >10.8 | |
| Mid anterior (mm) | M | 7.0 ± 1.4 | 4–10 | 10–11.2 | 11.2–12.6 | >12.6 |
| F | 5.8 ± 1.2 | 4–8 | 8–9.4 | 9.4–10.6 | >10.6 | |
| Mid anteroseptal (mm) | M | 7.5 ± 1.4 | 5–10 | 10–11.7 | 11.7–13.1 | >13.1 |
| F | 6.2 ± 1.2 | 4–8 | 8–9.8 | 9.8–11.0 | >11.0 | |
| Mid inferoseptal (mm) | M | 8.0 ± 1.3 | 6–11 | 11–11.9 | 11.9–13.2 | >13.2 |
| F | 6.7 ± 1.1 | 4–9 | 9–10.0 | 10.0–11.1 | >11.1 | |
| Mid inferior (mm) | M | 7.3 ± 1.5 | 4–10 | 10–11.8 | 11.8–13.3 | >13.3 |
| F | 6.1 ± 1.2 | 4–8 | 8–9.7 | 9.7–10.9 | >10.9 | |
| Mid inferolateral (mm) | M | 6.8 ± 1.5 | 4–10 | 10–11.3 | 11.3–12.8 | >12.8 |
| F | 5.6 ± 1.3 | 3–8 | 8–9.5 | 9.5–10.8 | >10.8 | |
| Mid anterolateral (mm) | M | 6.9 ± 1.5 | 4–10 | 10–11.4 | 11.4–12.9 | >12.9 |
| F | 5.8 ± 1.2 | 3–8 | 8–9.4 | 9.4–10.6 | >10.6 | |
| Apical anterior (mm) | M | 6.7 ± 1.4 | 4–9 | 9–10.9 | 10.9–12.3 | >12.3 |
| F | 6.0 ± 2.0 | 2–10 | 10–12.0 | 12.0–14.0 | >14.0 | |
| Apical septal (mm) | M | 6.9 ± 1.4 | 4–10 | 10–11.1 | 11.1–12.5 | >12.5 |
| F | 5.8 ± 1.2 | 3–8 | 8–9.4 | 9.4–10.6 | >10.6 | |
| Apical inferior (mm) | M | 6.3 ± 1.3 | 4–9 | 9–10.2 | 10.2–11.5 | >11.5 |
| F | 5.3 ± 1.1 | 3–7 | 7–8.6 | 8.6–9.7 | >9.7 | |
| Apical lateral (mm) | M | 6.5 ± 1.4 | 4–9 | 9–10.7 | 10.7–12.1 | >12.1 |
| F | 5.7 ± 1.1 | 4–8 | 8–9.0 | 9.0–10.1 | >10.1 |
Right ventricle
Adults 18–83, pooled, 1.5T and 3T bSSFP. Papillary muscles and trabeculations in the blood pool. Table 9.
| Parameter | Mean ± SD | Normal | Mild | Moderate | Severe | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| RVEDV (mL) | M | 152 ± 40 | 74–231 | 231–272 | 272–312 | >312 |
| F | 115 ± 29 | 59–172 | 172–202 | 202–231 | >231 | |
| RVEDV/BSA (mL/m²) | M | 82 ± 18 | 47–116 | 116–136 | 136–154 | >154 |
| F | 71 ± 14 | 44–99 | 99–113 | 113–127 | >127 | |
| RVESV (mL) | M | 65 ± 20 | 26–104 | 104–125 | 125–145 | >145 |
| F | 46 ± 15 | 17–75 | 75–91 | 91–106 | >106 | |
| RVESV/BSA (mL/m²) | M | 34 ± 9 | 16–52 | 52–61 | 61–70 | >70 |
| F | 28 ± 8 | 13–43 | 43–52 | 52–60 | >60 | |
| RVSV (mL) | M | 89 ± 29 | 33–146 | 146–176 | 176–205 | >205 |
| F | 71 ± 20 | 32–109 | 109–131 | 131–151 | >151 | |
| RVSV/BSA (mL/m²) | M | 48 ± 14 | 21–76 | 76–90 | 90–104 | >104 |
| F | 45 ± 10 | 25–64 | 64–75 | 75–85 | >85 | |
| RVEF (%) ↓ | M | 58 ± 7 | 44–72 | 37–44 | 30–37 | <30 |
| F | 61 ± 7 | 47–75 | 40–47 | 33–40 | <33 |
Left atrium
Maximum volume by biplane area-length, appendage excluded; area and diameter on bSSFP, appendage and pulmonary veins excluded. Tables 13 and 16.
| Parameter | Mean ± SD | Normal | Mild | Moderate | Severe | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Max LA volume (mL) | M | 68 ± 22 | 26–110 | 110–134 | 134–156 | >156 |
| F | 60 ± 17 | 26–94 | 94–111 | 111–128 | >128 | |
| Max LA volume/BSA (mL/m²) | M | 36 ± 10 | 16–56 | 56–66 | 66–76 | >76 |
| F | 36 ± 9 | 18–54 | 54–63 | 63–72 | >72 | |
| Max LA area 4ch (cm²) | M | 21 ± 4 | 13–29 | 29–33 | 33–37 | >37 |
| F | 19 ± 4 | 11–27 | 27–31 | 31–35 | >35 | |
| Max LA area 4ch/BSA (cm²/m²) | M | 11 ± 2 | 7–15 | 15–17 | 17–19 | >19 |
| F | 11 ± 2 | 7–16 | 16–17 | 17–19 | >19 | |
| Max LA antero-posterior diameter 3ch (cm) | M | 3.0 ± 0.5 | 2.0–4.0 | 4.0–4.5 | 4.5–5.0 | >5.0 |
| F | 3.0 ± 1.0 | 2.0–3.9 | 3.9–6.0 | 6.0–7.0 | >7.0 |
Right atrium
Maximum volume by single-plane area-length on the four-chamber view, appendage excluded; area on bSSFP. Tables 18 and 21.
| Parameter | Mean ± SD | Normal | Mild | Moderate | Severe | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Max RA volume (mL) | M | 70 ± 28 | 14–125 | 125–154 | 154–182 | >182 |
| F | 57 ± 19 | 20–95 | 95–114 | 114–133 | >133 | |
| Max RA volume/BSA (mL/m²) | M | 37 ± 14 | 11–64 | 64–79 | 79–93 | >93 |
| F | 35 ± 10 | 15–56 | 56–65 | 65–75 | >75 | |
| Max RA area 4ch (cm²) | M | 21 ± 5 | 11–31 | 31–36 | 36–41 | >41 |
| F | 18 ± 4 | 11–25 | 25–30 | 30–34 | >34 | |
| Max RA area 4ch/BSA (cm²/m²) | M | 11 ± 3 | 6–16 | 16–20 | 20–23 | >23 |
| F | 11 ± 2 | 6–15 | 15–17 | 17–19 | >19 |
Aorta
Root on sagittal LVOT bSSFP at diastole, all ages pooled (Table 67); thoracic aorta on cross-sectional bSSFP at diastole (Table 64).
| Parameter | Mean ± SD | Normal | Mild | Moderate | Severe | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Aortic annulus diameter (mm) | M | 23.0 ± 4.4 | 14–32 | 32–36.2 | 36.2–40.6 | >40.6 |
| F | 20.0 ± 3.1 | 14–26 | 26–29.3 | 29.3–32.4 | >32.4 | |
| Aortic sinus diameter (mm) | M | 31.9 ± 6.3 | 20–44 | 44–50.8 | 50.8–57.1 | >57.1 |
| F | 27.5 ± 5.1 | 18–38 | 38–42.8 | 42.8–47.9 | >47.9 | |
| Aortic sinus diameter/BSA (mm/m²) | M | 16.7 ± 1.9 | 13–20 | 20–22.4 | 22.4–24.3 | >24.3 |
| F | 16.9 ± 1.8 | 13–20 | 20–22.3 | 22.3–24.1 | >24.1 | |
| Sinotubular junction diameter (mm) | M | 24.9 ± 5.9 | 13–37 | 37–42.6 | 42.6–48.5 | >48.5 |
| F | 22.2 ± 4.7 | 13–32 | 32–36.3 | 36.3–41.0 | >41.0 | |
| Ascending aorta diameter (mm) | M | 26.7 ± 3.9 | 19–35 | 35–38.4 | 38.4–42.3 | >42.3 |
| F | 25.5 ± 3.7 | 18–33 | 33–36.6 | 36.6–40.3 | >40.3 | |
| Proximal descending aorta diameter (mm) | M | 20.6 ± 2.8 | 15–26 | 26–29.0 | 29.0–31.8 | >31.8 |
| F | 18.9 ± 2.0 | 15–23 | 23–24.9 | 24.9–26.9 | >26.9 | |
| Distal descending aorta diameter (mm) | M | 17.6 ± 2.6 | 12–23 | 23–25.4 | 25.4–28.0 | >28.0 |
| F | 16.4 ± 2.0 | 12–20 | 20–22.4 | 22.4–24.4 | >24.4 |
Pulmonary arteries
Main and branch pulmonary arteries, cross-sectional bSSFP, ages 20–79 pooled. Table 83.
| Parameter | Mean ± SD | Normal | Mild | Moderate | Severe | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| MPA systolic diameter (mm) | M | 27.4 ± 2.6 | 22–33 | 33–35.2 | 35.2–37.8 | >37.8 |
| F | 25.3 ± 2.6 | 20–31 | 31–33.1 | 33.1–35.7 | >35.7 | |
| MPA diastolic diameter (mm) | M | 22.9 ± 2.4 | 18–28 | 28–30.1 | 30.1–32.5 | >32.5 |
| F | 21.2 ± 2.1 | 17–25 | 25–27.5 | 27.5–29.6 | >29.6 | |
| RPA systolic diameter (mm) | M | 20.2 ± 2.9 | 14–26 | 26–28.9 | 28.9–31.8 | >31.8 |
| F | 17.8 ± 2.4 | 13–23 | 23–25.0 | 25.0–27.4 | >27.4 | |
| RPA diastolic diameter (mm) | M | 16.6 ± 2.8 | 11–22 | 22–25.0 | 25.0–27.8 | >27.8 |
| F | 14.7 ± 2.2 | 10–19 | 19–21.3 | 21.3–23.5 | >23.5 | |
| LPA systolic diameter (mm) | M | 20.1 ± 2.4 | 15–25 | 25–27.3 | 27.3–29.7 | >29.7 |
| F | 18.4 ± 2.1 | 14–23 | 23–24.7 | 24.7–26.8 | >26.8 | |
| LPA diastolic diameter (mm) | M | 17.3 ± 2.5 | 12–22 | 22–24.8 | 24.8–27.3 | >27.3 |
| F | 15.9 ± 2.0 | 12–20 | 20–21.9 | 21.9–23.9 | >23.9 |
Strain
Global peak strain by 2D feature tracking; values are software-specific. Table 102.
| Chamber | Parameter | Acquisition | Software | Mean ± SD, % | Normal | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| LV | Global peak circumferential strain | bSSFP | 2D FT/TT | M | −21.9 ± 4.4 | −30.6 to −13.2 |
| F | −23.7 ± 4.9 | −33.3 to −14.1 | ||||
| LV | Global peak longitudinal strain | bSSFP | 2D FT/TT | M | −18.7 ± 3.9 | −26.3 to −11.0 |
| F | −21.0 ± 4.1 | −29.1 to −12.8 | ||||
| LV | Global peak circumferential strain | bSSFP | 2D FT/CVI | M | −19.2 ± 2.0 | −23.1 to −15.2 |
| F | −21.7 ± 2.5 | −26.6 to −16.7 | ||||
| LV | Global peak longitudinal strain | bSSFP | 2D FT/CVI | M | −17.0 ± 2.8 | −22.5 to −11.6 |
| F | −19.6 ± 3.3 | −26.0 to −13.2 | ||||
| LV | Global peak circumferential strain | bSSFP | 2D FT/Medis | M | −23.7 ± 3.1 | −29.9 to −17.5 |
| F | −24.9 ± 3.1 | −31.1 to −18.7 | ||||
| LV | Global peak longitudinal strain | bSSFP | 2D FT/Medis | M | −21.6 ± 2.5 | −26.6 to −16.6 |
| F | −23.3 ± 2.9 | −29.1 to −17.5 | ||||
| RV | Global peak circumferential strain | bSSFP | 2D FT/CVI | M | −12.3 ± 3.9 | −20.1 to −4.5 |
| F | −14.2 ± 4.1 | −22.4 to −6.0 | ||||
| RV | Global peak longitudinal strain | bSSFP | 2D FT/CVI | M | −23.5 ± 4.4 | −32.2 to −14.8 |
| F | −25.6 ± 5.2 | −35.9 to −15.4 | ||||
| LA | Reservoir strain | bSSFP | 2D FT/CVI | M | 38.3 ± 8.7 | 20.9–55.7 |
| F | 44.0 ± 9.9 | 24.2–63.8 |
Native T1
Septum, mid-ventricular short axis, by field strength, vendor and sequence. Site-specific ranges are recommended. Table 89.
| Field | Vendor | Sequence | Mean ± SD, ms | Normal |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1.5 T | GE | MOLLI 3b(3s)3b(3s)5b | 1027 ± 36 | 956–1098 |
| 1.5 T | Philips | MOLLI 3b(2s)5b | 974 ± 45 | 884–1064 |
| 1.5 T | Philips | MOLLI 3b(3s)3b(3s)5b | 967 ± 28 | 911–1023 |
| 1.5 T | Siemens | MOLLI 5b(4b)2b | 996 ± 32 | 933–1059 |
| 1.5 T | Siemens | MOLLI 5s(3s)3s | 1024 ± 39 | 946–1102 |
| 1.5 T | Siemens | MOLLI 5b(3b)5b(3b)5b(3b) | 928 ± 25 | 879–977 |
| 1.5 T | Siemens | MOLLI 3b(3s)3b(3s)5b | 952 ± 35 | 883–1020 |
| 1.5 T | Siemens | ShMOLLI 5b(1b)1b(1b)1b | 954 ± 41 | 874–1034 |
| 1.5 T | Siemens | SASHA | 1144 ± 45 | 1054–1234 |
| 3 T | Philips | MOLLI 3b(3s)3b(3s)5b | 1057 ± 23 | 1011–1103 |
| 3 T | Siemens | MOLLI 5s(3s)3s | 1214 ± 39 | 1138–1289 |
| 3 T | Siemens | MOLLI 5b(3s)3b | 1180 ± 27 | 1126–1234 |
| 3 T | Siemens | MOLLI 5b(3b)3b | 1182 (1162–1200), median (IQR) | – |
| 3 T | Siemens | ShMOLLI 5b(1b)1b(1b)1b | 1125 ± 45 | 1035–1215 |
| 3 T | Siemens | SASHA | 1494 ± 43 | 1408–1580 |
ECV
Septum, mid-ventricular short axis. Table 90.
| Field | Vendor | Sequence | Mean ± SD, % | Normal |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1.5 T | Philips | MOLLI 3b(3s)3b(3s)5b | 27.7 ± 5.9 | 15.9–39.5 |
| 1.5 T | Siemens | MOLLI (native) 5s(3s)3sMOLLI (post GBCA) 4s(1s)3s(1s)2s | 27.3 ± 2.7 | 21.9–32.7 |
| 1.5 T | Siemens | MOLLI 3b(3s)3b(3s)5b | 25.0 ± 3.0 | 19.0–31.0 |
| 1.5 T | Siemens | ShMOLLI 5b(1b)1b(1b)1b | 28.4 ± 3.0 | 22.4–34.4 |
| 1.5 T | Siemens | SASHA | 24.1 ± 2.9 | 18.3–29.9 |
| 3 T | Siemens | MOLLI (native) 5s(3s)3sMOLLI (post GBCA) 4s(1s)3s(1s)2s | 27.3 ± 2.4 | 22.5–32.1 |
| 3 T | Siemens | MOLLI (native) 5b(3b)3bMOLLI (post GBCA) 4b(1b)3b(1b)2b | 28 (26–29), median (IQR) | – |
| 3 T | Siemens | ShMOLLI 5b(1b)1b(1b)1b | 24.6 ± 2.5 | 19.6–29.6 |
| 3 T | Siemens | SASHA | 19.8 ± 1.8 | 16.2–23.4 |
T2
Septum, mid-ventricular short axis. Table 95.
| Field | Vendor | Sequence | Mean ± SD, ms | Normal |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1.5 T | GE | T2 MEFSE | 52.1 ± 3.1 | 46–58 |
| 3 T | Philips | T2 GraSE | 45 ± 4 | 37–53 |
| 3 T | Siemens | T2-prepared bSSFP | 41 (40–43), median (IQR) | – |
| 3 T | Siemens | T2-prepared FLASH | 39.5 ± 1.8 | 36–43 |
T2*
Septum. Normal values from Table 99; iron grading from Table 100.
| Field | T2*, ms | |
|---|---|---|
| 1.5T | Median (Q1, Q3) | 36.3 (31.6, 45.4) |
| 3T | Mean ± SD | 25 ± 5 |
| Myocardial iron | T2* at 1.5T | T2* at 3T |
|---|---|---|
| Normal | >20 ms | >12 ms |
| Iron overload | 10–20 ms | 5.5–12 ms |
| Severe iron overload | <10 ms | <5.5 ms |
Pooled published CMR cohorts, adults, 1.5T and 3T bSSFP. Society for Cardiovascular Magnetic Resonance reference values, 2025 update. Kawel-Boehm et al, J Cardiovasc Magn Reson 2025;27:101853. doi:10.1016/j.jocmr.2025.101853
120 healthy adults, 1.5T SSFP, papillary muscles in the LV mass. Mean (95% range) by sex and age decile. LV: J Cardiovasc Magn Reson 2006;8:417, doi:10.1080/10976640600572889. RV: Eur Heart J 2006;27:2879, doi:10.1093/eurheartj/ehl336
800 healthy UK Biobank adults, 1.5T SSFP, papillary muscles in the LV volume. Mean (95% prediction interval) by sex and age band. J Cardiovasc Magn Reson 2017;19:18, doi:10.1186/s12968-017-0327-9